Ideally, all people with suspected TB should receive Xpert MTB/RIF or a culture and DST. However, given the limited resources available in most countries, this is not always possible. To more efficiently diagnose those patients who have MDR-TB, WHO has compiled a list of possible high-risk groups for MDR-TB through programme reviews, drug resistance surveys and peer-reviewed articles. This document is available in the Companion handbook to the WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis.